ABSTRACT
Depression is a common but frequently undiagnosed feature in individuals with HIV infection. To find a strategy to detect depression in a non-specialized clinical setting, the overall performance of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the depression identification questions proposed by the European AIDS Clinical Society (EACS) guidelines were assessed in a descriptive cross-sectional study of 113 patients with HIV infection. The clinician asked the two screening questions that were proposed under the EACS guidelines and requested patients to complete the HADS. A psychiatrist or psychologist administered semi-structured clinical interviews to yield psychiatric diagnoses of depression (gold standard). A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for the HADS-Depression (HADS-D) subscale indicated that the best sensitivity and specificity were obtained between the cut-off points of 5 and 8, and the ROC curve for the HADS-Total (HADS-T) indicated that the best cut-off points were between 12 and 14. There were no statistically significant differences in the correlations of the EACS (considering positive responses to one [A] or both questions [B]), the HADS-D ≥ 8 or the HADS-T ≥ 12 with the gold standard. The study concludes that both approaches (the two EACS questions and the HADS-D subscale) are appropriate depression-screening methods in HIV population. We believe that using the EACS-B and the HADS-D subscale in a two-step approach allows for rapid, assumable and accurate clinical diagnosis in non-psychiatric hospital settings.
Subject(s)
Depression , HIV Infections , Mass Screening/methods , Adult , Comprehensive Health Care/methods , Cross-Sectional Studies , Depression/diagnosis , Depression/epidemiology , Depression/etiology , Female , HIV Infections/complications , HIV Infections/epidemiology , HIV Infections/psychology , Humans , Interview, Psychological/methods , Male , Middle Aged , ROC Curve , Sensitivity and Specificity , Spain/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Chagas disease (CD) is an emergent disease in Europe that can behave as an opportunistic infection in HIV positive patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the implementation of a CD screening programme in an HIV unit. An immunochromatography (ICT) of Trypanosoma cruzi was performed as a screening tool in HIV-positive patients born in CD endemic countries. ELISA and IFAT were used to confirm the diagnosis. A total of 155 patients, 116 males and 38 females, were included. Mean age was 36.9 years (± 8.4) and mean length of stay in Spain at the screening was 7.1 years (± 4.7). T. cruzi ICT was positive in four cases (2.6%), being confirmed (by ELISA and IFAT) in three of those (1.9%). Factors associated with confirmed positive T.cruzi serology were: Bolivia origin (p=0.016), Bolivia or Argentina origin (p=0.002), Southern Cone origin (p=0.015), rural origin (p=0.023), previously living in an adobe-made (p=0.001) or thatch-roofed house (p<0.0001), having a previous CD test (p=0.015), previous knowledge about CD (p=0.019), about vector (p=0.009) or recorded seeing vectors at home (p=0.012). Units dealing with HIV patients from endemic areas of American trypanosomiasis should implement CD screening protocols. Interviews of patients coming from endemic areas should include CD epidemiological questions.
Subject(s)
Chagas Disease/diagnosis , Chagas Disease/epidemiology , Emigrants and Immigrants , HIV Infections/complications , Adult , Chromatography, Affinity/methods , Cross-Sectional Studies , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods , Female , Fluorescent Antibody Technique/methods , Hispanic or Latino , Humans , Male , Mass Screening/methods , Middle Aged , Parasitology/methods , SpainSubject(s)
Basal Ganglia Diseases , Calcinosis , Hypoparathyroidism , Aged , Antacids/therapeutic use , Basal Ganglia Diseases/diagnosis , Basal Ganglia Diseases/etiology , Basal Ganglia Diseases/pathology , Calcinosis/etiology , Calcinosis/pathology , Calcitriol/therapeutic use , Calcium Carbonate/therapeutic use , Humans , Hypoparathyroidism/complications , Hypoparathyroidism/diagnosis , Hypoparathyroidism/pathologyABSTRACT
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